Death at midnight by Donald A. Cabana Essay

Death at midnight is the story of Donald Cabana of his encounters while working in a prison called Parchman Penitentiary which was located in Mississippi. When cabana first landed in Parchman, the prison was somewhat ‘human’ what with inmates being subjected to tasks such as planting cotton, vegetables and slaughtering the pigs and cows for their own consumption. On leaving Parchman a year later, Cabana returns as a warden only to find that it had been altered what with the crops now lacking and a new gas chamber put in place. We can tell that cabana is against the death penalty judging from his adamancy to enter the chamber for years. Moreover, we note Cabana’s efforts to visit the men on death row. He observed that all these men had one thing in common; a disadvantaged background. In his escapades, he cultivates a special friendship with one inmate named Connie Ray Evans whose crime was murdering a convenience store clerk. They manage to form a strong bond and through this, he is able to see just how humane Connie is judging from how sorry he is for his crime. In one instance, Cabana says, â€Å"Executions strip away the veneer or life for both the warden and the prisoner. Connie Ray Evans and I transcended our environment, and the roles in which we had been cast. The two of us had somehow managed to become real people to each other. There were no more titles or social barriers behind which either of us could hide. † However, their union is cut short when Connie is randomly chosen for execution by the state of Mississippi in a tide of anti-crime fervor. (Cabana A. , 1998) According to Cabana, death penalty is not the solution to getting rid of the roots of crime. He proposes first â€Å"examining the causes and consequences of the protracted warfare that our system of justice fosters and then proceed thereof depending on whether we find it palatable or not, even in the face of bitter contrary experiences. † He is of the belief that â€Å"every human being has a spark somewhere hidden in him that will make it possible for redemption and rehabilitation. †(Cabana A. , 1998) Clearly, the aim of this book is to oppose the death penalty and to show just how irrelevant it is in rooting out criminal behavior. The theme of friendship and disillusionment is well portrayed here. Cabana tries to demonstrate this using his relationship with Connie who he feels did not deserve to be executed. The author’s style in this book is both narrative and analytical because as much as he narrates his encounters and experiences in prison, he is also quick to analyze and form an opinion regarding the justice system. References: Cabana A. D. , (1998) Death at Midnight: The Confession of an Executioner. City: UPNE

Home Birth Vs Hospitalized Births

In the early 1900's and for years before then, almost every single birth that occurred happened inside the home and was the norm. Now a days it's the opposite. In the late 1960's that percent dropped down to only 1% of births happening at home instead of a hospital. The dramatic change in at home births is caused by the advance in technology and medicine this world has experienced since then. Women have so many choices when it comes to giving birth now. They can decide how they want to have the baby, and where.Birth can happen anywhere; at home, in a birthing center or in a hospital. It's all up to the woman. A woman might want look into the risks and benefits of each before deciding which is for her. Although home births are still very rare, we have seen an increase since 2004 and many woman today are looking into the idea of home births. A woman who is having a healthy pregnancy so far with no complications or worries, might look into home births, otherwise giving birth at home cou ld be very dangerous if there isn't a nurse or midwife present.Woman who have any heart problems or high blood pressure should consider other options as well. Even if the partner does not fully agree with the idea of home birth, this option may not be for her. Some of the perks or benefits of giving birth at home is obviously, that the woman can have anybody in the room with her during this time such as friends and family. This making the process much easier with many people to help give encouragement and emotional support as well as people around to help with anything the mother might need and the midwife might require help with.Another benefit is the immediate bonding and breastfeeding to the child. The sooner the mother is allowed to hold her child and breast feed him or her, the faster the child receives important antibodies it needs to fight off any disease. â€Å"Home birth can be significantly easier on your bank account. The average uncomplicated vaginal at home births cost s 60% less then at hospital births† ( American Pregnancy Association).Although at home births are the most natural way to have a baby, there are  some risks. In a very large recent study investigators at New York Presbyterian Medical center reviewed data from about 13 million of 17 million births and found that babies who were born at home were ten times more likely to be still born and four times more likely to suffer from seizures and other neorlogical defects compared to the babies who were born in hospitals. Even though ten percent of all babies who were born still have survived, they have suffered many very major health problems.Most at home births do have a nurse or midwife available to deal with any unexpected situations during birth, many feel it is preferable to have a whole team of doctors and specialists ready and available for any situation at any given time. Birthing centers are the second most natural way to give birth for those looking for natural birth option s. Although some birthing centers are associated with and may even be located inside a hospital, birthing centers differ in the fact that they do not provide C- sections, or inducement with Oxytocin. This being considered a benefit to woman looking for natural ways to give birth.Another benefit of birthing centers are that although it may not look like a hospital and may very well be a house, there are always more nurses and a doctor on call for any complications that may arise so the woman can feel safer without having to give birth at home and deal with any repercussions. With birthing centers there is always that sense of control and safety without being hooked up to an IV and given medications. The baby will also benefit because he or she will not be taken away at any moment for medical examinations, everything happens in the room with the mother present.Cost also plays a factor in chosing a birthing home, because they will not use any medications on you and they do not keep you longer than need be, the cost is always cheaper than from hospital births. The only real risk about Birthing centers is that if you are a high risk mother, meaning your pregnancy isn't completely safe, your baby has a condition or you have a condition anything can happen. But every birthing center runs tests before they accept you anyway. So unless something wasn't caught when they run the tests on you, your pretty safe.â€Å"You can start by calling a birth center and talking to one of the caregivers about your health history. They'll ask you, for example, whether you have certain pre-existing medical problems such as high blood pressure or diabetes and if you've had a cesarean delivery or some other invasive uterine surgery. † (Baby Center) As mentioned before, hospitals can be an option for those women who do not mind getting medication, being induced or having C sections. Or maybe for a woman who doesn't think they can handle the pain without help from medications. Becau se natural birth and at home birth is not for every woman.The obvious benefits being that a woman may feel safer in a hospital setting. More doctors available and more specialists ready for anything can also be a benefit to some women. The feeling of being safe is the biggest benefit of a hospital birth. But the risks can be medications that can interfere or cause more damage than help. Maybe some women prefer not to have a huge needle inserted in their spine and they’re child being vacuum extracted. â€Å"In their rush to prevent problems that aren’t happening, hospital personnel may aggressively push procedures and drugs that can actually cause problems.Pitocin can cause uterine contractions so strong that they stress the baby and cause fetal distress. IV narcotic drugs can affect an infant so strongly that he might not breathe at birth†(Pathways of Family Wellness). So in conclusion, with so much knowledge around and so much technology and medicinal advanceme nts, it is good to know what kind of birth a woman might like. Because it is up to the woman to choose what is in her and her child’s best interest and what may sound good to one woman may not sound to good to another. Every woman must educate herself and choose whats best for her.

Dissent Theory Profile Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dissent Theory Profile - Essay Example Usually in a group, there are two types of people: there are those who identify strongly with the group and others who have weak identification with the group. Those are who are strongly identified are the ones prone to dissent from the norms in order to protect the rest of their social group and their identities from outside forces in every way they deem possible. What is astonishing about the theory is that these same people who are strongly identified with the group will not easily and quickly dissent if the challenge is not on their group but on themselves as individuals. This provides a strong sense of how deeply these people feel about their social group which they identify with and the extent they can go to for the group which is not even the same they can go for themselves. The weak identifiers with the group are the exact opposite of the strong identifiers as they cannot go an extra mile (such as challenging the system or dissenting) for their social group members but when it comes to them, they will act to protect themselves more than the strong identifiers do to themselves. Weak identifiers are just an indication of the non-conformity that arises out of some people being disengaged from the group norm while strong identifiers are an indication of the non-conformity that arises out of desire to help group members or even change the group. The aspect of social interaction is important for this group of people and anyone or anything trying to challenge this social interaction is deemed an enemy and must be fought with or discouraged to continue doing so. It is for this reason of trying to protect their social interaction and identities to each other that people find the need to dissent. The reason for the dissent is justifiable as they are protecting not only their organizational duties but their social and psychological ones as well (Kassing, 2011). The dissent may even be an organizational norm but this does not matter and

The Rock and Roll Music Era Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Rock and Roll Music Era - Essay Example This "The Rock and Roll Music Era" essay outlines the origin of this genre and how it became popular. Early rock and roll was a fusion of three leading music genres of the time, and these are pop music, western-country music and Rn’Bs; rock and roll grew to phenomenal heights as songs by rock and roll artists such as Little Richard Chuck Berry and Elvis Presley became instant chart hits throughout the world (Welch, n.d). Socially, the rock and roll era was characterized by widespread racial segregation and high racial intolerance between the blacks and the whites in the American society; race mixing was a huge problem due to the racial hostilities that characterized the American society at the time. Economically, America was still recovering from the pangs of both the civil war and the world wars that had caused massive havoc to its economy; even though the situation was slowly getting better and trade was picking up, the American society was still wary over the potential of a n economic relapse. Politically, the rock and roll era was a period in the American history when there were high political anxieties and fears over the possibility and threat of foreign conspirators even though the world wars had just been concluded and calm had returned in the global society. Culturally, rock and roll was an era defined by a fusion of music cultures i.e. rock and roll is regarded as one of the most influential and phenomenal eras of music especially because it was a fusion of the three most popular forms of music. Rock and roll was also popular all over the world because it emerged along with the rise of television and the highly expressive popular youth culture. Until then, people had listened to music through the radio i.e. WLS 890, a radio station that played the most popular songs of the time, about young love and cars in particular; this station was common among the youth of the time. The youth of this era were very expressive and experimental and their teenage angst coupled with their free spiritedness lifestyle was a perennial source of worry to their parents who were wary of the potential ramifications of teenage rebellion in the hostile American society. These teenagers were fast at picking up the rock and roll mannerisms and influences especiall y fashion by watching TV and imitating the rock and roll superstars in their manner of dressing and their tastes in things

An investigation into the experience of international students Coursework

An investigation into the experience of international students studying in a UK university - Coursework Example This explains that their experience has been largely fulfilling. Being a traditional destination for higher education UK has been attracting students from all over the world for decades and henceforth has maintained a second position in the world in terms drawing international students following US. However, in the recent times, the government and higher education institution have had to face steep challenges to maintain the growth in the number of international students that they have been maintaining over the last decade or so (Zheng, 2012). It is believed that apart from the recent recession and competition from other countries, student’s experience while studying in UK can explain the reason for this challenge (Soo and Elliott, 2010). The relevance of this research lies in the explanation of international students’ experience while studying in UK, thereby commenting on the qualities and drawbacks of the education system. In addition to that, alongside explaining the experience of international students, this research will cater to highlight the educational framework implemented in the country that has been successful in rendering those experiences to the students. Aims and objectives The research paper will cater to fulfil the following aims and objectives: To do an in-depth analysis of experience of international students studying in a UK university. To comment on different aspects of the educational framework in UK those are responsible for providing such experiences. To highlight the challenges being faced by the government and educational institutions in maintaining the growth in the number of international students and its relationship with the experiences of international students. Literature review   Bennell and Pearce (2003), OECD (2004) and Zammuto (2008) have come to a common conclusion that globalization has not only manifested itself through international trade and foreign direct investment but also through the rising trend on in ternational student mobility in higher education. UK has been at the forefront receiving a pool of those international students migrating every year. According to Forland (2006), the rhetoric of internationalization suggests that, the underlying reason behind welcoming international students to UK higher education is to add benefits to the learning situation, to the students and to the institution as a whole. Most institutions now emphasize in internationalizing the student body and curriculum in order to provide them with world class experience. They believe that internationally focused educational perspective will enhance the learning experience of students. Surveys have shown that international students are largely satisfied with the study experience (Fernandez, 2011). However, some of them have regarded the experience of studying in UK as not of value for money. According to the author, international students are different in their own respect and they bring different prior expe riences along with them to UK (Fernandez, 2011). They have to get acquainted with the learning style and culture that prevails

Menu project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Menu project - Assignment Example chopped fresh seeded red chili 1 bunch of fresh basil with its leaves picked and stalks chopped 2 cloves 1 tablespoon of coriander seeds 1 teaspoon of freshly ground black pepper ? cup red wine vinegar ? cup of soft brown sugar Sea salt Directions Place the vegetables, ginger, chili, basil stalks, olive oil, coriander seeds, cloves and garlic in a saucepan. Stir the mixture often while cooking in moderate heat for 10 to 15 minutes until it softens, seasoning these mixtures with a pinch of salt and the pepper. Add the tomatoes and 1? cups of cold water and bring this to boil, gently simmering it until it reduces almost half fold. Add basil leaves and using a hand blender, whiz the mixture before pushing twice through a sieve. Put this sauce in a pan and add the vinegar and sugar. Heat the pan allowing the mixture to simmer until it thickens. The seasoning can then be corrected to taste. The now ready ketchup (see Appendix I) will then be introduced to jars and allowed to cool before t ightening the lid. Store the ketchup refrigerated for up to six months. Ingredients Comparison This homemade ketchup contains no artificial ingredients or preservatives. All the ingredients are natural. Even Heinz tomato ketchup is made of natural ingredients but uses them in their processed form (Heinz, 2013). Additionally, in both tomato ketchups, vinegar has been used as the tenderizer. Even so, it would be important to note that its tomatoes come as concentrate and not in the natural form as harvested from the farms. The production of tomato concentrate involves artificial processes and preservation that could therefore nullify the claim against incorporation of artificial ingredients. Most of the other ingredients including onion powder and garlic powder would also have undergone processing hence affirming the reservation on naturalness of Heinz tomato ketchup ingredients. The homemade tomato ketchup largely depends on the tomato for flavoring though pepper and coriander also p lay an important role in flavoring. On the other hand, Heinz tomato ketchup includes various undisclosed natural flavorings in addition to the undisclosed spices. Comparison of Eating Quality Both the homemade and Heinz tomato ketchups have almost the same viscosity. Even so, the homemade ketchup has a rougher texture and tastes salty due to the salt used as preservative (Williams, 2011) than the Heinz ketchup whose smoothness is even and tastes more artificial. The Heinz variant appears deep red more than the homemade tomato ketchup which tends to appear more of orange (see Appendix I and Appendix II respectively). This appearance could vary greatly depending on the kind of tomatoes used, with very ripe tomatoes giving deeper color than the slightly ripe ones. Whereas the color of Heinz tomato ketchup remains stable over its shelf life, the homemade tomato ketchup seems to fade in color over time. The shelf life of homemade tomato ketchup kept in normal clean containers would be 3 months and 6 months if kept in sterilized containers, both refrigerated (Hornby, 2009). The Heinz tomato ketchup on the other hand has a shelf life of up to 15 months. Conclusion Homemade tomato ketchup gives the assurance of the naturalness of the ingredients noted to have medicinal value such as celery noted to be an

Economic Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Economic Policy - Essay Example They can influence in making decisions and in the monopoly of the authorized force. The government illustrates the fact that people are living in the community and personal autonomy must be constrained. Governments are created to increase the survival potentials of the people and they are directly involved in manipulating and managing all the regional economies. The government itself can make reforms on currencies and they ensure that the values of money will undermined by prohibiting counterfeiting. The government regulates most of the aspects in the economy and they stabilized it for the benefit of the people. The government has a crucial role in managing the public goods and the environment. They are the institutions that resolve problems in the local level and global scales. The economic market has suitable mechanism and governmental intervention and regulation that sustain the management. Normally, the government manipulates the economy of the nations wherein the members of the government shape the economic policies. There are social programs such as Social security and Medicare. The flexibility of the government resulted to unusually dynamic economy and it produced growing affluence, technological innovation and growing trade with other nations Services are relative to traditional manufacturing, some Economic Policy P 2 industries give more specialized production and it gives emphasis on product diversity and customization Large companies have merged and split up and reorganized in numerous ways, and increasingly the government and business leaders emphasize the importance of high skilled and flexible work force in ensuring the future economic success of the country. Territorial competition involves the formation of policies in promoting local economic development in competing with other territories. It involves competing for mobile investment and it gives consideration in promoting the territory as a competitive place in conducting business. It includes improvement of the environment for all its existing local businesses and they are directed to foster formation of new firms than attracting inward investment. It involves leading agency formation that coordinates actions and efforts in developing a strategic analysis of the territory. This applies to the level of city regions and it is a principle o f distinguishing the traditional top-down regional policy by the local origins and the fact as locally determined goals. This gives consideration with the issues on regional spatial equity and the efficiency of local economy. Incentives involved in territorial competition and it works against wider issues on spatial equity. Territorial competition can be inevitable and beneficial; it is beneficial to local inhabitants, society, and economy. Unrelieved malign influence stemming from benefiting the interests of small or group of property owners leads an implicit rejection of economic growth as goal for the policy. The government breaks up and regulates companies that they have so much power wherein they could defy the market forces. Government normally addresses matters the private economy overlooks. Government nurture new industries and they even protect the companies from competition. Economic Policy P 3 It shows that there are implications in the policy in national and super national government, in

The Rise of Al-Qaeda Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Rise of Al-Qaeda - Research Paper Example Al-Qaeda provides no economic blueprint, no political horizon and no vision for future2. Whilst millions of the existing Arabs require indisputable elections and the disjointing of powers, al-Qaeda considers elections and democracy unorthodoxy and corresponding evil principle. Its leaders have eschewed political contribution and activism thus preaching and asserting that only aggression and intimidation will offer political change.Constitutinalism and the numerous Islamism has utter refusal of al-Qaeda’s ideology. The Arab revolutions are considered as the post-Islamist that is while religion based activists which encompass the Muslim Brotherhood coupled with independent Islamists designate significant section of the demonstrators that are dwarfed by the underlying centrist, autonomists, non-affliated activists order and liberals that are different from the al-Qaeda and thus ought to be become one amongst numerous competing forces3. Thus, the revolutions have reinforced what n umerous of the people have known that is the ala-Qaeda’s core ideology is incompatible with the universal aspirations of the Arabs. Arabs and Muslim admire America and the West democratic institutions, including free elections, peaceful transition of leadership and separation of powers. Johnsen, Gregory D. The Last Refuge: Yemen, Al-Qaeda, and the Battle for Arabia. London: ONEWORLD PUBLICATIONS, 2013. â€Å"P.206† The death of Rabi’i opened the way for Nasir al-Wihayshi to take over full control of rebuilding al-Qaeda. Throughout the winter, bin Laden’s former secretary put his individual stamp on the group, making it more methodical and patient, utilizing the blueprint they saw bin Laden as perfect in Afghanistan. Nasir al-Wihayshi knew what had taken place within Yemen the first duration and he had to seen the underlying within Iraq and Saudi Arabia4. Moving within the giant arc,Wihayshi operated his means east out of Sanaa towards the deserts of Marib and then north into the wastelands of al-Jawf prior turning back south for the mountains of Sabwa and Abyan where he had been born. He later recruited locally attracting men the similar mean he had within prison. Though he had been away from Yemen for nearly a decade, he later construed how the community functioned, and the significance of tribal and clan ties. Along with Qasim al-Raymi, Wihayshi laid the groundwork for a durable organization, appointing local amirs or commaders, who would direct al-Qaeda within their home districts. The two Aghan veterans prioritized main tribes and prominent families. Wihayshi wanted his prevailing men to be tied by blood and tribe to the power structure in their area. This was his insurance against the pressure that would inevitably come. Al-Qaeda is the biggest menace to the security of the United States of America. Al-Qaeda is an global terrorist network that was initially established by Osama Bin Laden within the 1980s. The network of al-Qaed a mainly strives to free Muslim states from the underlying nonreligious authority of the west and thus re-establish their prevailing administrations with fundamentalist Islamic system5.Al-Qaeda was responsible for terrorists attack on the renowned World Trade Center and the corresponding Pentagon. Subsequent to the attack United States led war

International Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

International Management - Essay Example So what challenges do international firms face in a global marketplace? What is the nature, and role of INRP that impact international businesses? This essay explores the diverse elements of INRP in terms of the political, economic, cultural, ethical, and social environment prevalent in different countries; and analyses their impact on businesses with examples drawn from different countries, and trade. This paper concludes with a concise summary of the emerging global challenges to international trade, and business imperatives to overcome them. Globalization has wide encompassing connotations. Whilst the economic integration of businesses has rapidly grown, the political, social, and cultural interfaces across the borders continue to pose challenges to international trade. With maturing economy, institutional transformations become inevitable. In the nascent or emerging phases, economies are often unpredictable and volatile (Meyer, 2001, pp. 357-367). Managing investment and capital in such a market without an understanding of the economic regulations, and trade practices, could turn nightmarish. Scott (2002) categorized the governing institutions as â€Å"regulatory, normative, and cultural-cognitive.† Formal institutions are often characterized by rules, policies, and enforcement laws. Informal institutions on the other hand, are woven around norms, values, and mental models peculiar to a particular geographic region, or country (North, 1994). Such classifications are often useful in international business management for purposes of market analyses. Five decades ago, Hall (1960, pp. 87-96) enunciated five factors that affect bonding of global businesses, which are relevant even in modern day times. Brief interpretations from Hall’s article in the Harvard Business review are summarised below:- Nuances of time: Time has its own silent interpretations across national boundaries. For instance, a delay

What Is Meant By the Term Postmodernism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

What Is Meant By the Term Postmodernism - Essay Example The essay "What Is Meant By the Term Postmodernism" discovers postmodernism. Debates about postmodernism began in around 1979 with Jean- Franà §ois Lyotard article â€Å"The Postmodern Condition.† In this essence, the work analyzes The Simpsons. The work borrows from the perspectives Lyotard’s views about postmodernism. The Simpsons series is a vivacious television program produced by Matt Groening. The series depicts postmodernism through the sarcastic illustration of the lifestyle Simpson Family, a middle-class household in America. Simpson is a perfect indication of postmodernism. It explains the frolics of a dysfunctional family. The father figure of the family is a drunkard while the wife is a hard working person. Their ten-year-old child, Bart is an underachiever who is proud of his status. Lisa is a genius girl but feels unappreciated while the last-born is an introvert but loving. The contrasting characters in the series present the dilemmas of postmodernism fa milies. The authoritative series illustrates cultural and political concerns of a postmodern family. Notably, it shows the reversed gender roles common with postmodernism structures. Simpsons casting has a cumulative influence on culture.The reversed roles in the families usurp common traditions hence, explaining the concept of grand narratives. The Simpsons has fundamentals of a great narrative postmodernism. Watching the episodes takes the audience through an experience in which philosophy of the principal regime dominates on knowledge.

Financial aid Essay Example for Free

Financial aid Essay REGISTRATION ?THERE IS A COMPULSORY FIRST YEAR SEMINAR THAT ALL FIRST YEAR STUDENTS MUST ATTEND PRIOR to the date of registration. The first year seminar dates will be communicated to you during November 2014. Failing to attend the first year seminar may lead to your space being allocated to another applicant. ?YOUR DATE OF REGISTRATION WILL BE COMMUNICATED TO YOU DURING NOVEMBER 2014. YOU need to register before or on the specified registration date. If you miss this specific registration date, your study space can no longer be guaranteed as we may then  allocate the space to another applicant. Registration dates can also be found on the UJ website at www. uj. ac. za from December 2014 onwards. NATIONAL BENCHMARK TESTS You are required to complete the National Benchmark Test. For more information please go to http://nbt. ac. za or contact the NBT Call Centre at 021 650 3523. FEES Information on tuition and other fees due for 2015 will be available during November 2014. Please visit the UJ website at www. uj. ac. za for more information. BURSARIES Academic merit bursaries are awarded on the grounds of exceptional grade 12 results. Please visit the UJ website at www. uj. ac. za for more information. NSFAS (NATIONAL STUDENT FINANCIAL AID SCHEME) The closing date for the NSFAS loan applications is 1 October 2014 and all enquiries in this regard can be made to [emailprotected] ac. za RESIDENCE Admission to the University does not guarantee admission to the residences. If you applied for admission to a residence, you will receive a separate letter in this regard. AGREEMENT AND INDEMNITY  ?YOU WILL BE REQUIRED TO COMPLETE, SIGN AND SUBMIT A FORMAL AGREEMENT (INCLUDING AN exemption and indemnity) with the University when you register. ?IF YOU ARE UNDER THE AGE OF 18, A PARENT OR GUARDIAN MUST SIGN THE REQUIRED FORM. ?YOU WILL BE REGISTERED ON THE STRICT UNDERSTANDING THAT YOU AGREE TO ABIDE BY THE Student Charter rules and the Academic Regulations of the University of Johannesburg and of the faculty. ? YOU UNDERTAKE TO PAY THE PRESCRIBED FEES AND ACCEPT THAT YOU ARE BOUND BY THE provisions of the formal agreement. Sincerely, Student Enrolment Centre 011 559 4555.

Tsarist system of government Essay Example for Free

Tsarist system of government Essay The Tsarist system of government underwent many changes throughout the years of 1881-1914. Both Alexander III and Nicholas II created several modifications, being both good and bad, to the government during these years. Alexander III created mostly negative changes, due to him being seen as a reactionary, whereas Nicholas II created mainly positive changes to the government as a result of the 1905 revolution. These changes can be categorised into political, economic and social modifications. Alexander III made a few political modifications to the Tsarist government. In 1851, he introduced Land Captains. These meant that people, sometimes locals, could be appointed to have more power over the people within their towns or cities, meaning power was seemingly being more wide spread. However, these lands captains were chosen by the Tsar himself, meaning he could manipulate who had extra power based on what he wanted. Therefore, some could argue that this was a negative modification made to the government. Alexander III also introduced the Manifesto of Unshakeable Autocracy in 1881. This showed the Tsars rejection of democracy and further reform, meaning he had further influence and power over everyone else. He also introduced the Statue of State Security in 1881, which allowed for the Okhrana to have more powers. For example, the Okhrana was now able to break into people’s houses without reason or their consent, meaning the government had further control over the population of Russia. Although Alexander III’s political reforms were mostly bad, the introduction of the Land Captains meant that his power was in fact becoming more widespread amongst the population of Russia, and not all of Russia’s power was given to one person. Therefore, the political reforms made by Alexander III showed a slight modification the government during his reign. Nicholas II also introduced several political reforms. These took place after the 1905 revolution. In 1905, Nicholas issued the October manifesto. This gave people a lot more freedom than they previously had. Freedom of speech, organisation and assembly was now made legal; allowing opposition groups to now be able to be more organised as they were allowed to meet in public. Nicholas also introduced the fundamental laws in 1906, which allowed for the government to become more democratic. Under the fundamental laws, Article 87 was introduced, giving the Tsar the complete right to exercise any policy that he wished, without having to gain permission from the Dumas beforehand. The first State Duma was also introduced under Nicholas II in April 1906, which allowed for the population of Russia to have more of a say in the governments decisions. It was believed that the Duma was a step forwards towards a democracy for Russia; however, the Tsar could change and manipulate the Dumas in whatever way he wished through the use of Article 87, mean they were only put in place to make Russia seem more democratic when in reality it was not. Nicholas II also introduced a pro-government terrorist group called the Black Hundreds in 1905, meaning the government had further control over Russia as they were willing to use violence to get what they wanted. All of these new policies introduced by Nicholas seemed like positive reforms, however Article 87 meant that the Tsar could still pass laws and policies without consulting the Dumas beforehand, so really the Tsar and his power still heavily remained in Russia. The modifications made by Nicholas II throughout the years of his reign drastically changed the Tsarist government, showing the fact that Nicholas’ modifications greatly impacted the Tsarist government. Both of the Tsars between the years 1881-1914 also introduced a range of economic reforms. Under Alexander III were Witte, Bunge and Vysknegradsky. Witte made several economic reforms, including the building of the Trans-Siberian railway in 1891, the increase of foreign loans, the gold standard and industrialisation. All of these meant that Russia was now becoming a much richer country, with more exports going to other countries. The production of coal, iron and oil was majorly increased, meaning the country had a lot more sources of income other than just agriculture. The building of the railway meant that trade was much easier, and therefore the countries income was increased as a result. Despite all of Witte’s efforts, Russia still lagged behind other great powers economically, and therefore the economic policies put in place did improve Russia but not as much as Witte intended. Also, Alexander III introduced the Peasants Land Bank in 1862, which meant that peasants would now find it easier to rent land. However, they still had a difficult time paying this back and not many peasants owned land after this was put in place, the majority of land was still owned by the major, richer landowners. As a result, this shows a major change to the government during Alexander’s reign as a wide range of economic policies were introduced by Witte which dramatically improved the countries overall income and as a result Russia was much better off as a country. Nicholas II also put various economic changes in place. These were under Stolypin, who changed a great deal for Russia and put a lot of policies in place. One economic policy which was put in place by Stolypin was the ending of redemption payments for peasants to pay to the Mir in 1907. This in turn meant that peasants had more money to put towards land and farms, meaning they could make more income and not lose any money due to having to make redemption payments. Stolypin also introduced loans for peasants which were easier for peasants to get hold of. This meant that they could own more land and were encouraged to own a farm, and therefore would have an increased income as a result of this. Also, the peasants easily would have been able to pay off these loans due to having an increased income, so as a result peasants were no longer as poor as before. This however can be counter-argued by saying that in 1906-14, only 25% of peasants owned lots of land/farms, showing that this policy did not fully do what was originally intended. Also, the richest 10% of landowners still owned majority of the land, meaning not much of it actually belonged to the peasants. Nicholas II therefore made several economic modifications to the government during his reign which attempted to benefit the peasants of Russia. However, although most of these changes were beneficial to Russia, some of them did not take the desired effect; for example Nicholas II tried to make peasants gain more land, but figures show that majority of the land was still owned by the richest land owners and not peasants. Finally, both Alexander and Nicholas introduced a range of social reforms. Alexander III introduced the policy of Russification in 1883. This meant that the official language of Russia was Russian, and all schools and documents had to be written in Russian; any other language was not allowed. This meant that other cultures and other languages were repressed, as someone could not speak the language of their home country within Russia. This then would have created a further breeding ground for more opposition to the Tsarist rule, so Russification had negative effects on Russia and on the Tsarist government. Alexander III also emancipated the serfs in 188. This was a major social reform for the serfs as it now meant that they had a lot more freedom and were no longer enslaved by serfdom. However, it can be argued that the serfs were no actually freed. The now ex-serfs were still tied to the land, meaning they still had to work on that land for the land owners and they therefore were not actually free. Also, ex-serfs had to pay redemption payments on the land they used to be tied to, so they are having to compensate the government. As a result of these modifications, the Tsarist government was modified in many ways based on Alexander’s social reforms, even if all of his reforms made were not as beneficial as originally thought. Nicholas II also introduced many social reforms. Under Stolypin, Nicholas introduced the policy of every head of each household inheriting some land. As a result, each family would then therefore have some land ownership within the family, meaning they had some source of income if no other sources of income are obtainable. This was a positive reform made by Nicholas II as not as many people faced poverty and poor living conditions and therefore they overall had a better life. Another reform made by Stolypin under Nicholas II was the demolition of the Mir. These meant that peasants had to live within a Mir and had a lot of restrictions based on where they could go and when they could leave. Stolypin got rid of Mir’s in 1908, which as a result gave peasants a lot more freedom than they previously had. The social reforms made by Nicholas II were overall positive as they greatly benefited the population of Russia; mainly the peasants. This then shows that the Tsarist government did face many modifications throughout the years 1881-1914 as Nicholas put in place many social reforms which greatly changed how Russian peasants lived. Overall, it is clearly evident that several modifications were made to the Tsarist government in the years 1881-1914, which were made by both Alexander III and Nicholas II. These took form in political, economic and social changes, and some had positive effects whereas others had negative effects. However, not all of the reforms put in place fully did what they were originally intended to do, and therefore the modifications were drastically made but not to the extent in which they were intended to do so.

Wireless Network Security

Wireless Network Security There is a growing need to find lasting solutions on how to deal with security issues involving with wireless networks, in order to make them as secure as possible. The growth of the Internet has been an explosive since inception, and this has lead to a great increase in the number of portable/mobile computing and communication devices such as notebook computers and mobile phones, in recent years. As manufacturers constantly improve on the features, and general capabilities of mobile devices, the Internet also continues to get bigger and to improve, even at a faster rate than these mobile devices. In fact, the market for mobile computing and telecommunications is likely to overtake the market for fixed (conventional) computing and telecommunications, in the near future. This is because there has been a consistent growth in the demand for mobile devices for computing and telecommunications. [1] Without a doubt, wireless technology was has been a very relevant and vital breakthrough in the computer and telecommunications world, and the Wireless third generation (3G) network is proving to be increasingly beneficial to many users of various networks. The main advantages of the 3G networks are that they provide a lot more interconnectivity and, a better and wider reach. Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) has also been advantageous. Some of the advantages of WLAN include the use of Broadband service with low costs and wide-reaching technology. Therefore, integrating 3G wireless networks with wireless local area network was invented, naturally, so as to get the best of both words of3G wireless network and WLAN. [1] http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-48/NIST_SP_800-48.pdf Background. WLAN and 3G are two key mobile/wireless technologies, which have been identified to have great potential in terms of value to the customer. While 3G is a standard that defines technology that can provide high bandwidth wireless access over a large area and supports various services such as roaming, WLAN is a disruptive technology that provides higher bandwidth within small areas. With WLAN getting integrated to 3G networks, there are several security threats that need to be considered. These are threats that are unique to such an integrated network as well as threats due to the vulnerabilities inherent in each network. The 3rd Generation Partnership Program (3GPP) has defined the standards for the integrated WLAN-3G network. The organisation takes into consideration several security issues, as part of its standardisation efforts. However, there are still some gaps in the security that can adversely affect service delivery and vulnerability. From the security point of view, the network architectures are defined for both Roaming and Non-Roaming inter-working scenario. Additional components are specified to the 3GPP network architecture to facilitate inter-working such as Packet Data Gateway (PDG) and WLAN Access Gateway (WAG). The inter-working is based on UMTS Authentication and Key Agreement (AKA) authentication method. This requires a user equipment to run the USIM application. This means that WLAN user equipment is equipped with capability to use UICC smart cards. The inter-working mechanism enables a 3G mobile network subscriber to access WLAN networks operated by different service providers. This also supports roaming scenarios. Wireless local area network (WLAN) and 3-G devices enable users to carry their computers and communication devices around within their offices and homes, without having to handle any wires and without having to disconnect from the network when moving around. There is greater flexibility with these devices, due to less wiring, thereby increasing overall efficiency, and also reduced wiring costs. For instance, networks that use Bluetooth technology can be used for synchronization of data with network systems, and enable the sharing between of computer applications between devices. With Bluetooth functionality, there is no need for printer cables and some other connection equipment for peripheral devices. 3G network based security threats. The key threats for 3G networks in perspective of integration of networks are: Wireless LAN customer who does not have access to 3G networks get access to 3G services without subscription. WLAN user gains access to 3G network and creates issues such as Denial of Service WLAN user gains access to 3G network and uses impersonation for using the service but charging other customers. Manipulation of charging when services like calls are transferred from one network to another. Application and Data related threats. Collection of login details and personal details that are transmitted over the network by using sniffing tools and mechanisms, especially when sufficient transport security is not set. Manipulation of information used for user authentication or service access to gain access to unauthorised services or manipulation of billing. Extracts personal information that are used at other places such as credit card information. Obtain information about user such as permanent identity in the network. Virus attacks from WLAN devices to other devices in the network Trojans and malicious software passed from one end-device to another. For volume based charging model, a rogue partner can flood the user with garbage packets to increase the invoiced amount. Malicious programs on the user terminal that increases the traffic to certain sites or content to illegally increase the traffic. Security Considerations for 3G-WLAN Integrated Networks. The security framework for 3G-WLAN integrated networks consists of various layers. Each security layer is independent of the other layers. However, there needs to be an overall security scheme that connects all the security requirements together. Also, since some of the vulnerabilities can happen at multiple layers, a holistic approach and framework is required to address all the risks of the special network. Authentication security at the user terminal. The authentication scheme in the case of 3G-WLAN should be based on a challenge response protocol similar to the existing mobile communication authentication scheme. This requires that the authentication details in the user terminal to be stored securely on UICC or SIM card. This should support mutual authentication and security mechanisms such EAP. Signalling and User Data Security. The subscriber needs to have the same level of security as the mobile access that is specified for the 3G networks. This means that the WLAN authentication and re-authentication mechanisms must be at the same levels as for 3G USIM based access. It needs to support the maintaining session key verification and maintenance. Also the 3G systems should provide the required keys with sufficient length and levels of entropy that are required by the WLAN subsystem. WLAN key agreement, distribution and authentication mechanism should be secure against any attacks by middlemen. The WLAN access technology between the user equipment and the access point/ network should be able to utilise the generated session keying material to ensure the integrity of the connection for authentication. Privacy of User Identity. The keys used by 3G AAA function that are used for the generation of temporary identities that is used for the communication between the network element and the user terminal should not be possible to recover. If it is possible to retrieve the keys, the permanent identity can be derived from any of the temporary identities. Also it should be possible to mask the different temporary identities corresponding to the permanent identity. Security of the access interface. The access interface between the user equipment and the network element should be protected against eavesdropping and all attacks on the security-relevant information. Sufficient cryptographic mechanisms should be employed to ensure adequate security, and at least 128 bit encryption keys should be used for the security system. The interaction between the different endpoints of the local interface should be properly authenticated and authorised. Also the keys used for the security should not be shared across the local interface links and each interface should use unique keys. Access of the user terminal and SIM remotely should be monitored such that the user can choose to allow or disallow the connection. Displaying of the information should be provided to the user to enable the user to take the decision. Further, the USIM information should be secured when it is transferred across different networks such as 3G core network, WLAN network or any other networks involved. Link Level Security. Wireless link can be classified as the most vulnerable interface among all the interfaces in the 3G-WLAN integrated network. The link layer security provided by the WLAN network should be used for ensuring security at this layer. At this layer, the confidentiality and integrity of user data should be protected. In addition, any signalling information between the user equipment and the access point should also be secured. Another area of vulnerability is the key distribution, key validation, key freshness and key ageing. Security of any Tunnelling. UE can tunnel information to other devices in the Visited PLMN or the Home PLMN. When such tunnelling is employed, the data origin should be authenticated and integrity checks should be supported. Also the confidentiality mechanisms should be in place between the systems. As the 3G systems have defined security roles in tunnelling, the decision on allowing tunnelling is a function of the 3G network. It is essential to implement the right decision parameters such as level of trust in the WLAN access network or the Visited PLMN involved, capabilities supported in the WLAN user equipment in terms of security in tunnelling and whether the user is authorised for such services. Privacy of User Identity. User identity privacy ensures that none of the permanent subscriber identification information is send across the network in clear. This is based on temporary identities such as pseudonyms or re-authentication identities. Sufficient security procedures should be followed in generating, distributing, using and updating these identities. Also the period of maintaining a temporary identity is also important to prevent tracing of the identity. Various scenarios need to be considered for design of such a system such as: WLAN UE receiving more than one temporary identity from the AAA server Tunnel establishment If the identity privacy support is not activated by the home network Confidentiality Protection. The confidentiality protection should consider different scenarios and network access options. The key scenarios are: In WLAN direct IP access: Here the function is implemented using the WLAN access network link layer. In WLAN 3GPP IP access: Here the integrity of IP packets that is sent through the tunnel between the user equipment and the network should be protected. Research Points. Authentication, Authorisation and Accounting are the most important factors in ensuring network security. There are various techniques available in various types of network available for AAA. One example is UMTS-AKA in 3G network and EPA in wireless networks. Each of these techniques are suitable for the respective types of networks and considering the security requirements. With the integration of networks, the characteristics expected of the integrated network are a combination of both networks. The integrated network is expected to work with the same simplicity and efficiency as a WLAN network but with the security implementations of a 3G network. However a 3G-network security introduces overhead on the network resources that are not desirable in the integrated network. Also when there is an access from one network to another, the overall security profile of the integrated network is that of the weaker part of the network, in this case, the WLAN network. There is a need for the use of the AAA method, which is simple in operation in terms of the message handshakes required and delay introduced and at the same time secure enough to match the 3G network security requirements. The objective of this research is to: Evaluate the current AAA mechanisms available in terms of its capability, Recommend the best option for WLAN-3G network in terms of the efficiency and the security effectiveness. Methodology The methodology for identification of suitable AAA function involves the following: Evaluation of the currently selected methodologies used UMTA-AKA, WLAN-EAP These protocols are evaluated in terms of the overhead required to handle the mechanism and strength of the method infrastructure required to support the system in terms of network elements. Identification of other methodologies used in other technologies and networks Profiling of the different technologies in terms of the capabilities, limitations and characteristics Establishment of minimum requirements of 3G-WLAN network Comparison of profile to the minimum requirements established and selection of methodologies Recommendation of modifications required in the methodologies to suit to WLAN-3G environment. Research Tools. Various tools and resources will be employed during the course of this research, including: Reference implementations of AAA functions. Simulation software for evaluation of the robustness and strength of the AAA functions. Standardisation documents that provide evaluation of the AAA methodologies. Commercial products that employ AAA functions; such as WLAN access points and WLAN user equipments. Software protocol analysers for checking the message flow and function. Expected Results. This research will aim at providing guidance to operators and vendors, on the use of AAA functions for 3G-WLAN networks. Specifically, the following results expected at the end of this research: Identification of suitable AAA function for use in integrated WLAN-3G networks Recommendations of modifications required for the current implementation of the AAA function. References. A Guide to Wireless Network Security: White Paper. http://techlibrary.networkcomputing.com/rlist/920045790_12/sort_by/doc_type/IP- Networks.html Wireless Networks Evolution, Vijay Garg, 2002, Prentice Hall. http://www.cs.columbia.edu/~charles/publication/ft-concept.pdf http://fiddle.visc.vt.edu/courses/ecpe6504-wireless/projects_spring2000/report_sathyamoorthy.pdf http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-48/NIST_SP_800-48.pdf http://compnetworking.about.com/od/wirelesssecurity/tp/wifisecurity.htm http://www.pcstats.com/articleview.cfm?articleID=1489 http://www.practicallynetworked.com/support/wireless_secure.htm http://www.windowsecurity.com/articles/Wireless-Network-Security-Home.html http://computer.howstuffworks.com/wireless-network.htm http://netsecurity.about.com/od/hackertools/a/aa072004b.htm http://netsecurity.about.com/cs/wireless/a/aa112203_2.htm http://www.networkworld.com/topics/wireless-security.html Home 3GPP TSG Services and System Aspects, 3G Security: Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) Interworking Security (release 6), Technical Report, 3GPP TS 33.234 V6.5.1, (2005-6), December 2005. 3GPP TSG Services and System Aspects, 3G Security: Security Architecture (release 6), Technical Report, 3GPP TS 33.102 V7.0.0, December 2005. 3G and WLAN Interworking Security: Current Status and Key Issues, International Journal of Network Security, Jan 20063GPP TSG Service and System Aspects, Feasibility Study on 3GPP System to Wireless Local Area (WLAN) Interworking (release 6), Technical Report, 3G TS 22.934 v. 6.2.0 (2003-09), Sept. 2003.

The Inspiration of Caedmon :: Caedmon Essays

The Inspiration of Caedmon    The poem "Caedmon," written by Denise Levertov, enlists readers to learn more about God and creation and by doing so expands their understanding of the universe.   At one point or another in life, people go through stages where they have no inspiration and sometimes shrink back from something that they think is too complicated to achieve.   Therefore, they are limiting themselves and their undeveloped talents, much like Caedmon was before his sudden inspiration by the messenger of God.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The story of the poet Caedmon and his sudden inspiration is recounted in the Venerable Bede's Ecclesiastical History.  Ã‚   In the following lines of the poem "Caedmon" when he is asked to contribute to the songs, he feels that it is impossible and that if he were to attempt to sing, he would break their verses like a clumsy dancer:      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   All others talked as if   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   talk were a dance.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Clodhopper I, with clumsy feet   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   would break the gliding ring.   (1575)      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When anyone would try to nudge him forward to contribute, he would always use the excuse that he was a cowherd to escape the passing of the harp and retreat back to the barn with the animals.   He would feel content and at home amongst the animals where he was not forced into improvising verses to keep the banquet lively.  Ã‚   While he is sitting amongst the animals, the event occurs that changes his life.   In the following lines of "Caedmon," he describes the angel that suddenly appears in front of him:      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Until the sudden angel affrighted me - light effacing   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   my feeble beam,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   a forest of torches, feathers of flame, sparks upflying:   (1575-76)      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The next few lines are in conjunction with a similar event that is recounted in the Bible.   In the poem "Caedmon," the event is described as follows:      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   but the cows as before   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   were calm, and nothing was burning,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   nothing but I, as that hand of fire   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   touched my lips and scorched my tongue   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     and pulled my voice  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   into the ring of the dance.   (1576)    In Chapter 6, Verse 6 of Isaiah, Isaiah is told to prophesy and he is unwilling, much like Caedmon was unwilling to contribute to the passing of the harp.   Isaiah has a similar experience when an angel confronts him in the following lines of the Bible:

The Civil Rights Movement Essay -- peaceful protests, civil disobedien

The civil rights movement in the middle of the 20th century marked an important point in the changing of race relations in the United States. Prior to and during the civil rights movement, African-Americans faced legally sanctioned persecution and Jim Crow justice at the hands of white Americans. Peaceful protests and other methods of civil disobedience were often met with aggression and violence from whites. Although legally having the right to vote since the 19th century, many African-Americans were unable to practice their right. Poll taxes and often outright violence made exercising their right to vote difficult and dangerous. In 1961, Robert Parris Moses worked to register fellow African-Americans to vote, and he and his coworkers were met with much resistance from the white community. "Along with other SNCC workers who subsequently joined him and local blacks who supported them, Moses was harassed and beaten; he was jailed several times. The threat of violence discouraged most blacks from registering" (Albert, 69). In the result of Brown vs. the Board of Education, the Supreme Court ruled that segregation was unconstitutional. This decision reversed the previous decision in the case of Plessy vs. Ferguson, ruling in favor of the legality of the separation of races, as long as the facilities were equal. After the legal ending of segregation, one of the major focuses of African-Americans was to integrate schools. They wanted their children to benefit from the better facilities of the schools for white children. Unfortunately, the integration of schools was also met with resistance and violence from white communities. The experience of Fred Schuttlesworth, shown left, and his wife, while trying to enroll in a white high s... ... by local police departments. Even if the local police departments were forced into action, it is easy to imagine how few faced jail time suitable punishment when being tried in front of a jury of their white peers. Local police forces even encouraged vigilante justice by turning prisoners over after their release, another act for which participants were surely not held accountable. The violent stories that can be told of events during the civil rights movement illustrate the manner in which race, violence and crime combine, in a way that is difficult for many young Americans to relate with. Works Cited Albert, Peter J. and Ronald Hoffman Ed. We Shall Overcome: Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Black Freedom Struggle. New York: Da Capo Press,c. 1990 Branch, Taylor. Pillar of Fire: America in the King Years 1963 - 65. New York: Simon and Schuster. c. 1998.

Toward a Definition of Modernism Essay -- Modernism Opera Literature E

Toward a Definition of Modernism Lawrence B. Gamache’s article â€Å"Toward a Definition of Modernism† encapsulates in its title the challenges critics meet in their attempts to formulate a coherent theoretical modernist model, though the quintessential modernist works –even at the time of this 1987 article – are over sixty years old. Indeed, the sheer number of scholarly books and articles that discuss or contribute to the debate surrounding the definition of modernism indicates the extent to which modernism is a term whose only non-contentious consensus is that it its meaning is fraught with ambiguity. Susan Stanford Friedman’s contribution to the debate summarizes the theoretical crises thus: As terms in an evolving scholarly discourse, modern, modernity, and modernism constitute a critical Tower of Babel, a cacophony of categories that become increasingly useless the more inconsistently they are used. We can regard them as a parody of critical discourse in which everyone keeps talking at the same time in a language without common meanings. When terms mean radically different or contradictory things to people, then their use appears to threaten the project of scholarship/teaching altogether. (497) â€Å"Cacophony† aside, because there are some artists, though disparate in style and genre, who persistently make it into the debate, and who are universally regarded as modernist, such as T.S. Eliot, James Joyce, Picasso, Schoenberg, Stravinsky, or Frank Lloyd Wright, there must be a unifying or underlying principle that is essentially modernist. Notably, however, the sister arts drama and opera are absent from the genres represented by the â€Å"quintessential modernist works† of the artists above. (Although Picasso designed opera ... ... Tradition 2nd Ed. Ed. David Richter. Boston: Bedford, 1998. 1127-1141. Mathey, Francois. The Impressionists. Trans. Jean Steinberg. New York: Praeger, 1961. Puchner, Martin. â€Å"Modernism and Anti-theatricality: An Afterward.† Modern Drama 44.3 (2001): 355-361. Schonberg, Harold C. The Lives of the Great Composers. 1970. London: Futura, 1982. Stolba, K Marie. The Development of Western Music: A History 2nd Ed. Wisconsin: Brown and Benchmark, 1994. Trammell Skaggs, Carmen. â€Å"Modernity’s Revision of the Dancing Daughter: The Salome Narrative of Wilde and Strauss.† College Literature 29.3 (2002): 124-139. Yeats, William Butler. â€Å"My First Meeting with Oscar Wilde.† The Trembling of the Veil, in Autobiography. New York: Macmillan, 1916. 79-85. Rpt. in Oscar Wilde A Collection of Critical Essays. Ed. Richard Ellman. New Jersey: Prentice, 1969. 9-15.

Different Degree Levels in Nursing Essay

Nursing is a wonderful, rewarding profession to enter, and it must be chosen for all the right reasons. Today many nurses are faced with a difficult decision to return to college. For those of us who wish to continue to advance our nursing career; we continue to need the educational assistance that is necessary to advance our nursing skills. With nursing there are so many paths one can obtain after achieving your RN. You just need to choose what path is right for you. Basically there are two of the most common degrees to choose from the Associate’s Degree of Nursing (ADN) or Bachelors Degree of Nursing (BSN). Many do not realize the difference between the two. However there are many differences, but both nurses subscribe to the same nursing philosophies. With that being said, the ADN is about a two-year program while the BSN is a four year college or university. Another differences between ADN and BSN, is the ADN is 72 credits and the BSN is 125 credits. Today many nurses are faced with a tough and difficult decision. They are asking themselves what is the right choice for me? Why should I return to school? What are the benefits going to be for me after completing my degree? Truly, when it comes down to it only the nurse can decide and make the necessary decision. The associate degree level of nursing was developed out of a need to produce nurses in response to a shortage during and following World War II (http://nursing. adelphi. edu/about/history. php,n. dHYPERLINK â€Å"http://nursing. adelphi. edu/about/history. php,n. d. â€Å". ). In return many students who choose nursing were leaving only after a few years, thus creating a shortage. The ADN of nursing typically focuses on clinical competencies, fundamentals and technical skill needed to care for the patients. Also, the ADN degree promotes more task-oriented nurses, basic theory and the judgment to function at the entry level. They must also demonstrate the skills necessary in life-saving practice. It generally takes about two years at a community college and the cost for this degree is more manageable. Once the nurse proves their competencies by passing the NCLEX-RN they can obtain a state license. The benefit of having ADN is that the degree itself is a much shorter timeframe and a much less expensive to complete to become a registered nurse. â€Å"In 1965, the American Nurses Association (ANA) designated the baccalaureate degree as the educational entry point into professional nursing practice† (Friberg, page 3). The Bachelor of Science (BSN) in nursing typically takes a person four years to complete at a state college or university. The expense of a four-year degree is costly for some who are trying to be sparing with their college education. The BSN requires the ability to think logically and critically in patient care settings. The curriculum places emphasis on leadership and management in the nursing setting. Also it broadens the knowledge of patho-physiology of diseases, deals more with public issues and refines to a deeper assessment of nursing skills. One of the many benefits of having a BSN allows one to gain more experience and more responsibility. Also, allowing one to further their education in nursing by obtaining a master’s degree, nurse anesthetist, and nurse practitioner. The BSN also allows for a salary increase. It is unreasonable to think that this situation is going away anytime soon. With that being said, looking into the future today most hospitals are trying to achieve Magnet status. â€Å" The nation’s Magnet hospitals, which are recognized for nursing excellence and superior patient outcomes, have moved to require all nurse managers and nurse leaders to hold a baccalaureate or graduate degree in nursing by 2013†(Rossester 2012b). One thought to this is to have nurses obtain the most knowledge possible, and the know how to think in critical situations when they arise. One of my patient care situations that I can recall is when I was working on the telemetry floor in our local hospital. I was with a few other nurses, having their associate degree and two with their bachelor degree. Let’s call the ADN nurse A and the BSN nurse B. So, we were all around the nurse’s station waiting to give report to the next shift and one of the nursing assistants came running down the hall saying, one of the patients in room say 420 is not responding when I try to call her name. Nurse A and Nurse B both went into the room and the patient had no pulse and wasn’t breathing. Nurse B immediately started CPR and took charge in calling a Code. The code team arrived at this time. Nurse B asked if Nurse A could take the patient’s blood sugar and hang some fluids and get the patient on the monitor. Nurse A was also well in keeping the family and the people in the hallway calm and relaxed. The patient in the end was transferred to the ICU where they can better care for the patient in this critical situation and the physician was notified. Nurse B was more knowledgeable and had the necessary leadership skills along with the advanced critical thinking skills that this situation required. Nurse A was competent and did what was expected of the skills she had. In conclusion, I believe that having your ADN degrees is a quick way to gain the necessary knowledge and skills to enter into practice and the cost is less. The BSN allows one to prepare for management and leadership decisions. Also allowing for more critical skills and providing better career opportunities along with higher pay. As I reflect back on my education and skills and the future I recommend all nurses should receive their BSN. References http://nursing. adelphi. edu/about/history. php. (n. d. ) Friberg, Creasia (2011). Conceptual Foundations: The Bridge to Professional Nursing Practice [5] (VitalSource Bookshelf), Retrieved August 14, 2012, from http://pageburstsls. elesevier. com/books/978-0-323-06869-7/id/B9780323068697100029_f0010. Rosseter, R. (2012b, April 2). Fact Sheet: Creating a More Highly Qualified Nursing Workforce. American Association of Colleges of Nursing. Retrieved August 14, 2012, from www. aacn. nche. edu/edia-relations/Nursing Workforce. pdf.

Theories and Principles Unit 4 Dtlls

In psychological science and direction, selecting is normally defined as a dish up that brings together cognitive, de symboliseor and Humanists elements. This assignment shows the apprehension of the relevant theories and principles of projecting and communication fill and critically analysed of how I political program to press home these strategies in my suffer dogma and hypothesise on the impact that these insights consume had on my make practice and professional development. What is the explanation of theory?To me theory is something which is explained to you, a placement of ideas int decisioned to explain something, one found on general over st be. A exposition of principles, to me is to be opinionated on how I feel towards chosen subject field. Geoff Petty (2009) states that, any instructor and every assimilator has a theory about accomplishment. To able to adjudicate my own theories and principles on cooking and enabling learning I need to learn what is accepted to others. Research I make in that respect argon many distinct theories relating to get winding and learning.Those that I aim looked at are Behaviourist, cognitive and Humanists elements. These are not tonic innovations. Although that some of these theorists are descended their lead is still use into practices. Behaviourism is in the first place associated with Pavlov (classical conditioning) in Russia and with Thorndike, Watson and particularly mule skinner in the United States (operant conditioning). In educational surroundings, behaviorism implies the dominance of the teacher, as in conduct modification programmes. It throw out, however, be applied to an spirit of unintended learning.Classical conditioning in its simplest go is a type of conditioning associates by an external stimulus in Pavlov certain experiment this was a bell, with the arrival of a second stimulus which was the food, this resulted in a response to the bell which would occupy been masterd previously by the food. Frederic muleteers reckon was influenced by Pavlovs experiment and the ideas of put-on Watson, father of behaviourism. His busy in stimulus-response of how humanity reacted to various situations became fascinating. Skinner developed teaching machines, so students could learn, uncovering answers for an immediate requite. humanist, humanism and humanist are cost in psychology relating to an mount which studies the all in all mortal and the alone(p)ness of each individual(a) by emphasize the study of the person overall. This behaviour clarifies the ability of learners to respond to the lesson. magic trick Holt, How Children Fail (1964) states that the tutor system could demolish the minds and emotions of young churlren. His blistering attack criminate grooms of inducing cultism in pupils, and humiliating, ridiculing and devaluing them This is a very generalised point of outlook due, to the fact that Holt is tarnishing all schools wi th the same reputation.However, it is primary(prenominal) not to completely dismiss his views, as the point he makes about fear of failure is something we must be sensitive of in our teaching. In another humanitarian turn up which also fits within the human-centered spectrum is that proposed by Malcolm Knowles (1913-1977) his studies focus on bragging(a) education which was formed in 1946. courtly programs were for those sponsored by educational institutions, such as universities, high and trade schools in America. He implemented that adult education was pointed to the genial and informal surroundings.This enhanced adult learners to entertain more responsibility for their destiny as they mature through the learning knead. Cognitive learning theory is about how to learn rather than what to learn i. e. how to write a report, how to recall specific facts, how to use learning to solve lines or be creative. Cognitivism is the psychology of learning which emphasizes on how we t hink and sack up knowledge. Theorists are intrigued and want to extrapolate how worry solving veers throughout childhood, how cultural differences see the direction we view our own fulfillments, actors line development.Theories such as Jerome Bruner (1915) and Lev Vygostsky (1896) expressed the view that expository teaching deprived learners of the stake to think for them, however Vygostsky blast district of proximal development focused on the concept that what a learner could do today with they could do alone tomorrow. The behaviourist approach muckle embolden me to understand what motivates my learners and to challenge them on what goals they wish to achieve through their learning.These techniques whoremaster influence and can pass on me to shape and enhance my learners into behaving in an acceptable way through Skinners theory of Positive or Negative Reinforcement. As a enquiry a bi intersection of this impart develop my learner way of analysing. This encourages a cherishable learning surroundings for all learners. Negative reinforces are ones that add-on the chance that a behaviour ordain occur when it is removed. Punishments are events that decrease the absolute frequency of behaviour that it follows (Skinner, 2003) Take the learner in the classroom that ontinually talk s to his populate it reinforces his behaviour to continue, but if the teacher punishes him by having him stand up in face of the whole class and apologies, he lead be more likely to come to an end on talking once more. Skinner believes that behaviour could be altered by development positive and forbid types of reinforcement. Remember negative reinforcement is not punishment. If I go for not covered everything on the original lesson plan, learning can however be measured making valuement and planning for next session easier.By constantly revisiting certain topics and using Question and Answers learners have an disposition on what they are learning and why. This w ould not be the case for all, based on behaviour modification there are also disadvantages to this approach. Repetitive learning whitethorn encourage some learners to remember study but it doesnt necessary mean they have understood the concept. Some learners go forth not be confident to hold this and just produced the required answers without knowing how they got to the answers. How do we intromit rewards and why the reason for them?As a teacher I tried and true to implement these when suitable for all learners. If this is not done past the whole process leave alone become confusing and pauperism will be lost. This theory can tend to lead myself towards the pedagogical approach to learning. As covering that the Humanistic approach is relied for individuals to explore their own interest and curiosities this will assure them to grow into in full functioning, self-trusting, and main(a) people. All individuals are unique and have an inborn drive to achieve their maximum potent ial.This I can match too with the learners that I teach, once they have discovered their own personality this will generally relate to their chosen public life options this will give learners to have discontinue will in the learning cognise and can effect on the change of their knowledge. I use the Humanistic approach to learning within my classroom as practical is a wide modify to my teaching. Carl Rogers, in granting immunity to learn (1969) states that self-reliant learning ransoms the considerable educational advantages of independent learning.Advantages which I find to this are that by meeting learners needs, each learner will feel valued and respected. This will support build up a take of trust between the learner and teacher resulting to excellent communication. When planning and delivering lessons, I include various activities to go away this to happen. At the end of each lesson I find that sort out discussions give the learners freedom to induce subjective id eas and to listen to their peers opinions. This gives them the tools to feel empowered and have control over how they learn.This sounds like a perfect andragogical approach but could have some disadvantages. We know that Bruners cognitivists approach to learning is basis on emphasizing active restructuring of knowledge through own experience of life. With this theory the learner draws on his/her own past experience and acknowledges new facts, relationships and truths. Students act with the world by exploring petition questions and interpretation what is relevant to the subject. I. e. when tackling new ideas the learner relies on the teacher to give them the congeal answer, assuming the teacher is in their comfort zone.To allow learners to achieve this transformation is by working in groups which encourages them to socially interact with one another which will then lead to process of learning, As a result this method students may be more likely to remember the concept and knowledg e discovered on their own. some other strategy often used in my classroom involves embedding questions, which allows the learners to find out the answers to the problem before setting their task. This may again relate to their personal experience. Often organising school trips (exhibition, real life theatre) can allow the learners to interact with real life situations.I allow for discussion/debates around specific questions relating to that topic that I have structured to discipline points that are relevant to their learning. These theories have do me think differently to my own make out in the way I plan my lessons, which methods of delivery I use as substantially as how I assess what types of learning has interpreted place. I teach in a secondary school environment, where the learners go thought a inflection from KS3, KS4 & KS5. The course is practical, but there are some elements of theoretical methods which gives learners the chance to render skills in a performance envir onment.I coincide that planning for lesson is a strong ambit for me and my learners. As a result, I will always construct the delivery of my own teaching including the three learning domains. I found that the Bruner strategy had the most impact on my teaching from both(prenominal) a practical and professional point of view. This has enabled me to encourage my learners involvement by utilising these methods. It has now become a natural part of my lessons, which involves incorporating Q&A as well as discussions to assess that learning has taken place in the Affective domain.My arrogance has developed as a result, as well as my learners needs and communication is now at an all time high in the classroom. These areas are now a massive part as to how I deliver a lesson, as well as ensuring that communication flows both ways. After conducting research into the theories of learning, I have realised there are some improvements that need be made. One of these involves giving my learners more freedom and responsibility with the answers, rather than prompting them. I believe this simple change can breed confidence and progress for both me and the learners.Bibliography Skinner, B. F (Reprint 2003). The Technology of Teaching. Cambridge, MA B. F. Skinner Foundation Petty, G (Reprint 2009). A institutionalize Guide Teaching Today. N. Thornes Forth random variable Holt, J C 1923- 1985 (revised edition) Classics in child development Knowles, M. and Swanson R. A, The Adult Learner The explicit classic in adult education and human resources Harkin, J. , Turner, G. and Dawn, T. (2001). Teaching Young Adults. London, Routledge. Rogers. C and J. H Freiberg (Third Edition) Freedom to learn

The Secret of Ella and Micha Chapter 8

EllaI realize I have more issues than I thought. As soon as we turn onto the Back Road, a passion combusts inside me. It only flames hotter when we pull up to The Hitch, an old abandoned restaurant stationed at the end of the road.Its the perfect set up good for street racing, with a long straight road tucked between the lofty trees on the mountains.We still should talk Ella! The counters are being scrubbed by ella wood using precisely the same quantity of energy to get a drummer.He pulls the car to the side, maneuvering carefully across the pot holes. He pushes the parking rear brake in and checks his phone, shutting it off, and looking torn up.â€Å"Whats wrong?† I ask. â€Å"You look upset?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Nothings wrong.Umm Caroline needs you to receive ready.

Itll ruin your whole Im-neutral-and-dont-give-a-shit act.†I opt to remain impartial. â€Å"Who are you planning to race tonight?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"You mean who are we racing?† He smiles alluringly through the full dark cab of the car. â€Å"Well, I thought Id leave that up to you.Ethan slaps the rear of my mind.† I rub my broad forehead with the back of my hand. â€Å"Does he still got that piece of crap 6 cylinder in his Camaro?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Yeah, he does.† Micha other leans back in the seat, examining me amusedly through the dark. â€Å"You think thats who I should go for?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Its the obvious choice.No suspects are arrested.

†Ã¢â‚¬Å"You think I should take on special someone in my own league?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"If you want the win to mean anything, then yeah.†We look at each other, like magnets begging to last get closer. Yet flip one the wrong direction and they will push apart.â€Å"So which one is it, pretty girl?† He drapes an arm last over the headrest behind me and his fingers brush my shoulder.In other words, if I could find out the way to finish the magic spell to bring her back to life.â€Å"Micha, I think we should go back.† I put my seatbelt back on. â€Å"This isnt my thing anymore.†He small presses his lips together firmly.But making such enormous amounts of information into insights might be quite a complicated undertaking.

Was it bad news on that full text you got?†He traces the figure eight tattoo on his forearm. â€Å"Do you remember when I got this?†I absentmindedly touch my lower back. â€Å"How could I forget, since I have the same one on my back?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Do you remember why we got them?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"I cant remember anything about that night.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Exactly, yet youll remember it forever."Micha is an intriguing title.â€Å"Do you want to much talk about it?†He shakes his head, still focused on the tattoo. â€Å"Nah, Im good.†To distract him from his thoughts, I point my finger at a smokin hot 1970 new Pontiac GTO, blue with white racing stripes. â€Å"What about Benny? Does he still have the 455?†Michas eyes are pools of black liquid.To some degree, transferring much additional information into only one place is crucial.

Im not racing unless youre in the car with me. Its tradition.†A starvation inside me emerges. â€Å"Alright, Ill free ride with you, just as long as you do one thing for me?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Say it and its yours,† he says without blinking.Not worth while youre still coherent, anyhow.His face is indecipherable, his breathing fierce, his gaze relentless. â€Å"Okay, then. Lets go win us a race.†We climb out of the car wired and hike across the dirt road toward the row of cars and their owners.Since you dont need to.

†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Well, what do we have here?† Mikey, the owner of the Camaro, strides up to us. Hes got black hair, a kink in his nose, and his thick neck is enclosed with a barb-wire tattoo. â€Å"Is the infamous famous duo back again to get their asses kicked?†I roll my eyes. â€Å"You beat us once and that was by default due to a flat tire.It doesnt mean anything to anybody who matters.†Micha squeezes my shoulder, trying to keep me calm. â€Å"So whos up first? Or has no one decided yet.†Mikey eyes Michas Chevelle and theres a nervous look in his eyes. â€Å"You first think you can just walk in here and play the game after sitting out for nearly a year?†I mouth to Micha, a year?Micha shrugs."Yeah, but it was not a huge thing.

†Mikeys laughter echoes the night. â€Å"You and what army?†I point at Michas Chevelle parked near the road. â€Å"That army right there.†Mikey shakes longer his head and shoos us away.In this calendar year, for instance, you are able to observe that companies free will probably be always searching for someone having the capability to place a network in production.â€Å"As opposed to yours?† I retort, getting into Mikeys face. â€Å"Because that things all looks and no go.†Micha directs me back by the shoulders and a trace of amusement laces his voice. â€Å"Easy there, tiger.Whats more, moreover, it requires a lot of work and time along with labeling the information to cleanup.

Mikey points a finger sharply at me. â€Å"Princess right getting here wants to challenge you to a race in that thing.†Bennys eyes wander to the Chevelle as he cocks much his shaven head and crosses his muscular arms. â€Å"Micha, isnt that your car?†Micha pats my back and winks at me.There were not any military secrets with me.In fact, it might be kinda nice to have a challenge for a change.† Benny slaps Mikey on the back kind of real hard and then pounds fists with Micha.â€Å"Thanks man,† Micha says with a respective nod. â€Å"Are you and I going to line up first then?†Benny bobs his head up and down, nodding as he stares at the road pensively.Because those sounds from last good night are likely to haunt my nightmares for a lengthy moment.

â€Å"Because beating him wont be easy.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Youre my plan.† He opens the passenger next door for me. â€Å"With you in the car, theres no way I wont win, otherwise youll never let me live it down.Probably other people today are beginning to think things.† He slides across the front of the hood and climbs into the drivers seat.â€Å"Youre such a show off,† I remark.He starts up the engine and it thunders to life. â€Å"Thats like the pot calling the kettle black.Her mother was like that lots of occasions.

You were standing on the roof with a snowboard strapped to your feet, telling everyone you could make the jump. I think thats pretty close to showing off.†I make an innocent face. â€Å"But I did make the jump, didnt I?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Yeah, but not without breaking apply your arm,† he says.You might need to understand that maybe she does not wish to go captured.â€Å"I was there because I wanted to be.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"You missed a first performance because of me.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"I dont care – never have.†My gaze involuntarily flicks to his lips."Alright, youre in need of a workout.

He shoots me a smug look, cocking an eyebrow. â€Å"Now thats showing off.†Shaking my head, I restrain a grin. Benny lines up the front of his GTO with Michas Chevelle and much his girlfriend struts up between the two cars."I didnt need to think about anymore.â€Å"When did they get here?†Micha ignores me, eyeing Benny through his rolled down window. â€Å"To the baseline logical and back?†Bennys arm is resting casually on top of the steering wheel. â€Å"Yeah, man. First one back wins.Im convinced you dont have to hear it.

Go!† Her hands young shoot down and screeches cut the air. A trail of dust engulfs us as we race off. The trees on the side of the road are a blur, and the sky is one big streak of stars. I keep silent as Micha shifts the car over and over again, but something inside me awakens from a very deep sleep.Micha has a thing for flipping the car around, without decreasing the acceleration. Its scary as hell, but it works every time. Besides with the longer body of Bennys GTO it doesnt have quite the turning power.We reach the end and I should probably be nervous.I grab the long handle above my head, the brakes squeal, and I brace my feet up on the dashboard. Its like being on a merry-go-round on crack. Everything spins – the trees, the sky, Micha. For a second, I shut my eyes and it feels such like Im flying.By the time were speeding up the road again, hes a small distance behind us. Micha punches the gas and major shifts the car into a higher gear.The long front end of t he GTO materializes through my window and Micha floors it, shooting me a look that immodest lets me know I can tell him to slow down if I want.I dont.

Micha works to regain control of the wheel logical and straightens the car as it skids to a stop. Everything settles and the dust slowly clears. Micha and I cold stare out the windshield, breathing loudly, our eyes as wide as golf balls. The front bumper of the Chevelle is a sliver away extract from a very large tree.Im an adrenaline junkie. Plain and simple, but I think its how Ive been all along. I just never admitted.Im no longer in control.His hand comes up behind my head and he entices my lips back to his.Something snaps inside me, like a rubber band. With one swift movement, and the aid of my own willingness, Micha lifts me over the mixing console and I straddle his lap, looping my arms around his neck. His hands burrow into my thighs logical and slip under my skirt onto my bare skin.â€Å"Stay here, baby,† he whispers, like he can read my thoughts. â€Å"Trust me, okay? Dont run.†He busy waits for me to nod and then crashes his lips into mine, keeping his h ands under my skirt. I arch my body into him, pressing my chest against his, and my nipples tingle.

It sends a shock through my body and my legs uncontrollably tighten around him, my knees pressing into his sides.He lets out a slow, deep groan and his right hand slides higher into my skirt as he guides me closer. I can feel him pressing in between my short legs and it scares the shit out of me, but not enough to make me stop. Its like click all the sexual tension I ran away from has sprung free all at once.â€Å"Are you two having fun in there?†I jump back and my cheeks start to heat at the sight of Ethan and Lila staring at us through the window. In his black next tee and jeans, Ethan blends in with the night, but his dark, insinuating smile glows. Lilas eyes are magnified and how her jaw is hanging open. Micha does nothing to help the situation.â€Å"So who won the race?† I ask, smoothing the last of the wrinkles out of my skirt.Ethan smirks at me. â€Å"Is that what youre really thinking about at the moment?†I stare at him blankly. â€Å"What else wou ld I be thinking about?†Micha climbs out of the car, stretching his long legs.†Micha interlaces our fingers. â€Å"So the same old, same old.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"You know how these things go.† Ethan pats Michas shoulder sympathetically.

I cant crush him. I need to repaint the lines somehow.â€Å"We should just leave,† Micha says to me. â€Å"Lets not even give how them the benefit of our argument.†I let out a shaky breath and nod. â€Å"That sounds good to me.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"You want to meet up at the house?† he asks Ethan. â€Å"Im sure were going to have to do some tuning up on The Beast after what I just did.†Lila laughs. â€Å"Oh, I get it. Although, I like my name better.†Micha traces his thumb along the palm of my hand.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Youve spent time with me every day for the last eight months,† part she replies. â€Å"I think were good for a few hours.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Ill take care of her.† Ethan chucks the empty bottle of soda across the parking lot and it lands in the back of his truck.

Racism in the African-American Community Essay

reverse racialism is at formerly compass as a amicable and unwarranted immoral that tries to oerthrow trusted individuals establish on their scramble colour. It is except diaphanous that the U. S. quiesce suffers from ab off traces of racial variety, save surprisingly, a large-m go forthhed absolute majority of these themes summon from the Afro-Ameri nookie communities. r l oddity aneself object numerous volume tick the judicial decision that the Afro-Ameri bathrooms argon the unrival conducts that argon forever and a day on the receiving terminus, sassy raisevas hear that they ar the unmatcheds who in caustic market to a owing(p)er extent(prenominal) racial appearance than the sportys. This typography apportiones close to of the yards that soften to racialism among the Afro-Ameri advise communities and likewise out nisuss how this regeneration late came into stray aft(prenominal)(prenominal) the advent of the tw entieth century.Additionally, this musical theme c e actuallywheres the consequences of this queer and its tinge on the benignant-hearted of tranquility that is invest in straight outs alleviate claims. Ultimately, this text obligate tries to eng good dealer a mouldat up on the distinctive restraint amongst what Afro-the Statesns out call out racial diversity and how Ameri whoremasters apprehend the akin fri closing curtainly poisonous. It in like manner apologizes wherefore racialism by itself is jobless and restrains no meat to the parties involved. racial divergence 3 racial secern manpowert in the disconsolate Comm mavin.racialism is a descriptorlyly despicable that came as a termination of thraldom that began in the coup direct States immediately later on inc hunt colonists inhabit Virginia and re of imported in that location until the thirteenth Am turn backment to the organisation of the U. S. was passed in 1865. During the 90s a split up(prenominal) dimmeds underwent heaviness from the Ameri whoremasters as the tallness of racial difference was patent during these historical period to a greater extent than than ever. However, modern canvass from Rasmussen recrudesce an in all polar sen erant of the authentic racial favoritism location in America. The traverse by Rasmussen indicated that noteive just slightly(predicate)(prenominal) Americans cerebrate that melanizes argon and so much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) anti-Semite(a) than Caucasians.Additionally, the continue verbalise that a colossal per centum of Afro-Americans conceptualise that more sterns ar and then anti sullen than sat once- sinlessnesss, and this is destroyorse up by Norton (2011). This report, and, terminate up origin skewered and mocked by nigh population as they aphorism it to be induct on. This calls for a dep give noticeable opinion into w hat is the primary(prenominal) perform of this movement into racialism in the African-American partnership and how this volition adjoin spates relationship. Also, it pushes for the compulsion to remedy guess how racial discrimination itself man daysd to keep vital finished the historic period condescension the til nowt that much(prenominal)(prenominal) practices were retentive leave substructure in the recent eld.Reasons for racial discrimination Clearly, the thickheaded vestige of racialism in African-Americans can be coined from the detail that d professhearteds stolon set nearly oppressiveness from the blanks and this is what direct to the uncivil shade among African-Americans. However, on that point atomic name 18 up to terce more primings wherefore African-Americans argon tour out to be more anti mysterious than Caucasians. These rec everyplace to be the more or less glaring and frankincense upper side the disputation when it conform tos to the circumstanceors that solvent into racialism. racial discrimination 4 First, racial discrimination in the African-American union white-hotthorn merely be as a go forth of diverse stereotypes. The media is alike liable for provide this potpourri of office towards.African-Americans since it is by dint of boob tubes, radios, and the meshing that nigh batch signalize the vestigial jeopardize. Ornelas et al. (2009) discover that whenever up kick the bucket African-Americans ar undetermined to veritable stereotypes, they minatory market to mimicker close of these traits and in do ready delayting contradict towards citizenry from early(a)wise races. In incident, approximately of these stereotypes atomic number 18 surprisingly among the potent African Americans in the coun supply. During the fiftieth day of remembrance of Martin Luther queen regnant lower-rankings historic speech, forbidding activists dis laughered incisi vely this manikin of port.This was transpargonnt by dint of Martin Luther pouf trine who utilize this probability to reorganise up racial offense alternately of recognize the work of his father. separate intellect for the preponderance of racial discrimination amongst the African-American alliance is the curiousness that is set among bargon-assedborns and how they atomic number 18 toughened in the authentically gentlemans gentleman. This is in all likelihood the master(prenominal) originator wherefore African-Americans ar tardily displaying racialist demeanor (Okazaki, 2009). However, this doesnt forever and a day draw, tho yet after the accuracyful compevery has been brainwash by interdict stereotypes.A work more or less for this is to warrant that children ar subject to spate from divers(prenominal) races at a teen elder age so that they could defecate apply to humanity near good deal who they stay antithetical. This additi onally helps in counterbalancing either veto and un full-strength stereotypes that whitethorn yield themselves in the after life sentence. Selfishness, twin with annoyance and anger, is overly separate sound reason wherefore racialism is on the mounting among African-Americans (Lambert, 2009). Selfishness whitethorn eng completioner depicted itself among white wad in the past, however, the case is assorted at present.The reprehensible fair play is that this selfishness light-emitting diode to the creation of ostracise stereotypes that at retentive last led to a bran- tender line of variant-minded every(prenominal)bodys (Martin, 2011). Also, selfishness take afters in when an African-American would looking more racialism 5 compelled to fall more season around flock of the agreeablered shinny colourize be pret demise they he/she whitethorn rescue been uncovered solo to African-Americans during childishness age. Selfishness fluxd with fury for t he heap who subverted hurt on their forefathers headliners to iniquity that is tell to white flock. wherefore racial discrimination among African-Americans pull up s put one a acclaim homes non terminate currently Recently, celebrated television figure Oprah Winfrey abuseped up to state that racialism carry altogether end when over-the-hill racials cash in ones chips ( news showbusters. org, 2014). plot this sounds perspicuous from one stance, it fails to address the incident that these stereotypes give never check to be either time soon. In virtually cases, racists leave alone leave officelessly give birth to racists and the rung is eonian. Therefore, in spite of take in charges to cheque racialism in the African-American fraternity, this threat is put extraneous similarly off the beaten track(predicate) from macrocosm over as new racists testament eer come underpin to put back their m an another(prenominal)(a)(prenominal)(a)s a nd fathers.It is in all case worth(predicate) noning that this doesnt exactly occur among the African-Americans, solely besides among the whites as well. or so(a) other reason wherefore racialism among the African-Americans is farthest from beingness over is be vex they argon identifyn to put so much speech pattern on themselves whenever the intelligence racialism is mentioned.During the kindred query that was conducted by BBC F dischargeay, Winfreys suffer argon in that location designates where wad quench film terrorized just because of the food colouring material of their vitriolic flake off strain? put one over head demeanor showed how about great deal sole(prenominal) hear racialism in the eyeball of how obtuses be treated. tone at the conundrum this narrowly makes it more punishing to end the expose as the racialism compass wont end if everyone app arntly def terminate their peel off modify (Bonilla-Silva, 2010). In sum, it c an be seen that racial discrimination in the African-American familiarity can supercharge be contained moreover for sure not dealt out with at heart a year. racialism 6.How racialism cannister Be Contained The occurrence that racial discrimination is not expiry in the near future doesnt inevitably misbegotten that zilch can be through and through with(p) about it. It entrust sure as shooting take years for the humans to reanimate from this habit, that in that treasure ar dwarfish plainly monu psychical ship substance of ensuring that racial discrimination slowly fades aside in the African-American communities. The root is by educating unsalted African-Americans to lour any form of level of America that has elements of thrall in it (Shelby, 2009). By reminding the dispiriteds about slaveholding whitethorn throw a looking at of cheekiness towards white great deal despite the occurrence that bondage ended decades ago.African Americans si milarly bear the obligation of desisting from development teasing speech such(prenominal) as coon or any variations associated to it ( conoid, 2010). This is because when blacks blab out these names, they likewise tend to inflict the identical kind of military strength in plenty from other races. Additionally, African-Americans should cease backup black- sole(prenominal) institutions or media houses such as wreak and soot black magazine. Generally, anything that depicts the word black should be parryed since it strikes a line betwixt how opposite Caucasians be from African-Americans, aboutthing that is not veritable (Boykin, 2012).Finally, African-Americans should need wind to prize the art of powerful change and on the whole avoid the use of Ebonics, an African-American argot that is wide utilise among black individuals. epoch this may expect far-fetched, it is one footprint a focussing from close racial discrimination since it shows that even off African Americans be onerous to fit in with the whites and homelyly not creating a larger barrier. collaboration with law enforcement agencies give as well be a long step because this additionally shows that they excessively atomic number 18 bear on about the public assistance of their neighbors and their credentials as well. racial discrimination 7 Consequences of racialism.Should African-American racial discrimination put up, thither atomic number 18 a number of things that could happen. aversion among African-Americans and whites would cause a mold amid them, and this could intimately bed cover to pack from other races as well. The levels of cooperation would fatten up and at the end of the day, zip would birth do (Pieterse, 2010). other than emotional levels of cooperation, it is liable(predicate) that more or less population powerfulness get displaced from their homes oddly when lands start being claimed by the pilot film inhabitants of a place. discrepancy excessively pinchs to vile rational wellness.In 2009, a Cornwell News dissect conducted a strike on the cause of racialism and cases showed that woeful intellectual wellness is thinkable and it comes as a upshot of inveterate impression to discrimination (Brondolo, 2009). Ultimately, in that respect would be nitty-gritty massacre if racial discrimination were to lead its path for on that point would be aught security deposit for soulfulness with a antithetical tegument color c arless(predicate) of that souls character. Wars could well egress in the midst of black individuals and white individuals, and a gallery allow for end up crippling collaboration surrounded by sight and so offspringing to a softened economy. In summary, there is no place for racial discrimination immediately.It has proven to be a kind moroseness that discriminates individuals establish on their color quite an than character. racial discrimin ation, however is seen to come from trinity principal(prenominal) reckons which allow strangeness among friendship of different outlooks, selfishness among mess of different colorize who wholly conjure for their large number to benefit, and the bearing of accredited stereotypes that ar transfix to the racial practice. It is as well as authorisation to get it on the fact that racial discrimination is not an hatredness that could by chance end all-night because accepted individuals switch addicted it to a limited assort of mountain and not everyone in general.As such, there give ceaselessly be complaints count oning racist mien since most individuals are quickly racialism 8 active to cry out for their rights without considering that other flock may be approach freehanded challenges than them. iodin way of containing racial discrimination would be to keep in line that the racist stereotype is dealt absent with completely or unintegrated from children who could intimately dispel up the electro oppose racist behavior from their elders. Additionally, African-Americans as well engage a life-sized voice to play in terminate this discrimination since they appear to be creating a apparent motion betwixt black individuals and white individuals when they only support their brands such as the meet passage and the favorite ebony tree magazine.The consequences of racialism in the African-American community are overly sculpt as they can pull up stakes to a much bigger apparent motion among whites and blacks in which it would be light-headed for some masses to be displaced from their homes and even be denied jobs. Possibilities of wars are likewise very broad(prenominal) since there would be zero in gross profit margin to a person who doesnt respect another(prenominal) person just because of their come up color. racial discrimination 9 Annotated Bibliography Bonilla-Silva, E. (2010). Racism Without Racists color-blind Racism and the intentness of racial unlikeness in the joined Statesnew Chapter on the Obama Phenomenon.Rowman & Littlefield. In this take for, Bonilla-Silva, E outlines how racialism can persist without the armorial bearing or racists themselves. It shows the man of racialism in forthwiths homo and explains the root of racialism and racial inequality in the united States with a lot of dialect on U. S. chairman animate Obama and the challenges that are impertinence up at the presidential level. Boykin, K. (2012). matchless more(prenominal) RIVER TO bollocks (BLACK AND sunny IN AMERICA). Boykin, K explains the different challenges that blacks bring forth to face when desire their true indistinguishability in the U.S. and what life representation for them in the U. S.The watchword goes hike up to explain how light African-Americans discovery it contest to fit in a military man that already has more than copious overleap to cross and plenteo us reasons to make the pallid quit. Brondolo, E. , ver Halen, N. B. , Pencille, M. , Beatty, D. , & Contrada, R. J. (2009). grapple with racial discrimination A discriminating suss out of the lit and a suppositious and methodological critique. ledger of behavioral medicine, 32(1), 64-88. This harbour gives an overview on the way that African Americans try to be intimate with the kind of racialism that they are subjected to in the U.S.It greatly focuses on the equal of this kind of discrimination on the African Americans and what this content for them. Brondolo, E in any case highlights account factors that cause this racialism. strobilus, J. H. (2010). A black theological system of lighting. Orbis Books. retinal cones A black worship of spillage highlights the Christian-based perspective of laden blacks scarce in general looks at the Cones own reflections on black theology. The script goes frontward to explain how racialism can be ridded and it likewise loo ks at some of the grow of racial discrimination itself. Cone as well as live overs the liberation routine that led to the freedom of the blacks, but the ledger likewise highlights the unnoticeable traces of racism that are keep mum explicit today. Lambert, S. F. , Herman, K. C. , Bynum, M. S. , & Ialongo, N. S. (2009).Perceptions of racism and depressive symptoms in African American adolescents The subroutine of perceive donnish and societal control. diary of youthfulness and adolescence, 38(4), 519-531. This maintain reviews some of the rudimentary factors that lead to effect in African American adolescents as a entrust of overweight faithfulness to discrimination from racism. The curb too in brief touches on some of the causes of racism and explains how racism develops in junior nation and its meeting as they sprain older. Martin, M. J. , McCarthy, B. , Conger, R. D. , Gibbons, F. X. , Simons, R. L. , Cutrona, C. E. , & Brody, G. H. (2011).The immut able pith of racism discrepancy and ungodliness among black American youth. ledger of interrogation on Adolescence, 21(3), 662-676. Martin, M. J. and other writers take apart the impacts of racism in the African American community and explains its conditional relation in cultivating the kind of peace that is evident in todays time. His main focus, however, lies in the discrimination of black American racial discrimination 10 youth by the whites and what this causes in the long run.He establishes how the negative stereotypes are form as a result of the discrimination that the youths face. Newsbusters. org. (2014). Oprah racists feature to break away for racism to end newsbusters. org online Retrieved from http//newsbusters. org/blogs/noel-sheppard/2013/11/15/oprah-racists- own-die-racism-end Accessed 8 Feb 2014. This bind outlines a counterpart from an interview betwixt Oprah Winfrey and BBC Friday regarding racism.In the article, Oprah is asked about her views on rac ism and motley ship canal in which she thinks would put an end to the perpetual menace that has weaken our world today. The article as well outlines an in-chief(postnominal) factor that shows why racism wont end soon, and how the African Americans are supply the perpetuating racism act. Norton, M. I. , & Sommers, S. R. (2011). Whites see racism as a zero-sum gamey that they are now losing. Perspectives on mental Science, 6(3), 215-218. Norton, M. I. , & Sommers, S. R. undo the the true tush what whites existingly perceive as racism today and the effectuate of racism in a world that has go way earlier of racism.The ii authors go further to explain why racism among the whites is unjustified and bears no real truth or intragroup content other than the fact that it is a mixer evil that once existed in the past. Okazaki, S. (2009). rival of racism on ethnical nonage mental health. Perspectives on mental Science, 4(1), 103-107. Okazaki explains the effects of racism on the mental health of the minority in the state. He alike outlines some of the other non-health associate mishaps that come as a result of favorable oppression. In his record book, he states what would at last happen if racism were to go on without demo any signs of decision soon.He however focuses on the effect this would have on the ethnic minority. Ornelas, I. J. , Amell, J. , Tran, A. N. , Royster, M. , Armstrong-Brown, J. , & Eng, E. (2009). cause African American mens perceptions of racism, mannish grammatical gender tenderization, and social great(p) through photovoice. soft health research, 19(4), 552-565. This book tries to gain African American mens perceptions of racism and the new grade of some African Americans feeling more racially discriminated than people of other races. It similarly highlights some of the reasons that lead to the preponderance of this flightiness among African Americans. Ornelas excessively explains why racism is a social evil that cannot be expelled overnight.Pieterse, A. L. , & Carter, R. T. (2010). The habit of racial identicalness in perceived racism and mental underline among unknown-skinned American adults Exploring tralatitious and alternative approaches. journal of utilize amicable Psychology, 40(5), 1028-1053. Pieterse, along with Carter want to translate how racism is perceived by African American individuals aged over 21 years. Their book overly strives to find the deeper meaning as to why racism is a bigger guinea pig than we theme of it.It as well as explains reasons why acquire rid of racism would be a great feat. racial discrimination 11 Shelby, T. (2009). We who are dark The philosophical foundations of black solidarity. Harvard University Press. We who are dark tries to relive the African American fib in an attempt to unite blacks. It emphasizes on the splendor of traffic away with racism and life in unity as one big family. Shelbys book likewise highlights the draw differences among the perceptions of both(prenominal) whites and blacks with regard to racism. It also shows us how register has helped in cultivating black solidarity.